From topshot@indy.net Tue May 23 02:44:01 2000 Return-Path: Received: from localhost (really [127.0.0.1]) by cs.tcd.ie via in.smtpd with esmtp (ident dennehym using rfc1413) id (Debian Smail3.2.0.102) for ; Tue, 23 May 2000 02:44:01 +0100 (IST) Received: from mail.cs.tcd.ie by fetchmail-4.6.4 POP3 for (single-drop); Tue, 23 May 2000 02:44:00 IST Received: from pop1.indy.net (pop1.indy.net [199.3.65.111]) by relay.cs.tcd.ie (8.9.1a/8.9.1) with ESMTP id CAA02816 for ; Tue, 23 May 2000 02:42:14 +0100 (BST) Received: from raym-pc-1.indy.net (ip209-183-88-117.ts.indy.net [209.183.88.117]) by pop1.indy.net (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id UAA18884; Mon, 22 May 2000 20:01:18 -0500 (EST) Message-Id: <4.3.1.1.20000522191057.00ba48f0@pop.indy.net> X-Sender: topshot@pop.indy.net X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 4.3.1 Date: Mon, 22 May 2000 20:03:24 -0500 To: topshot@indy.net From: Michael Ray Subject: UIT Mailing List Vol. 4 - #21 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=====================_363517590==_.ALT" X-UIDL: Y`("!G'^"!#L-!!JG\!! Status: RO Content-Length: 60766 Lines: 1271 --=====================_363517590==_.ALT Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; format=flowed Please e-mail address changes, unsubscribe requests, or submissions to me. In this issue: Federal ammo Anschutz 4765 buttplate Machine rest Re: Quiet Zone timing Re: Help identify 1930s Olympic rifle Re: Help identify 1930s Olympic rifle Spotting Scope for 50m Re: Ammo testing results Stuff for sale Dryfiring Mental and physical training ******************************************************************** Your humble Editor here. I would like to know what people use the supersonic Federal match ammo for (UM1 aka 1000 and 900 as opposed to UM1B and 900B). I have seen in several places where slower velocities (subsonic) in .22 are actually better in wind. However, according Federal's site http://www.federalcartridge.com/cgi-bin/federal/specs2.pl, there isn't any difference in any of their 5 varieties with regards to wind drift. So what's the catch? I want to buy a case of 900 or 900B soon to test out. I've also heard a couple times where you need to clean real good when switching from brands like Eley to Federal because of the lube used and that Federal has a lot of leading compared to others. Any comments? ******************************************************************** Your Editor again.... Does anyone else think the new 4765 buttplate is a step backwards from the 4762? It doesn't have as many adjustments that are useful, can't be adjusted over as wide a range, provides few marks to aid in repeatability, and is more expensive. What am I missing??? ******************************************************************** I am sending you a picture of the Bullet testing machine. We are selling it for $ 240.00 plus the shipping. I saw the S & N in Ft. Benning at the trials and well I guess its about the same thing, I think both should give the same results. The only thing is that this one is cheaper in price. Thanks Manuel Rodero II ******************************************************************** Michael, Seems Chet and Rshooter have been chasing pulse. Yes, I discovered the true effect of it when I finally got onto a SCATT machine. I could not believe how far the damn muzzle jumped out of the bull when I saw it the first time. Talk about sort out the hold! I was awesomely impressed with some of the Russian "sample" files that Kugalin and Fedkin put in. The wiggle never left the inner ring of a 50m target. There were some Air Rifle files where the wiggle never left the 9 ring! Oh to be young again and start over!!! Anyway the upshot was that I learnt real quick the advantage of shooting on the "offbeat"....or so I have just discovered...the Quiet Zone. For many years I had lost inexplicable shots up and to the left and never could nail the cause. Seeing the pulse sure sent the message. I was impressed with the consistency of the movement of the muzzle with pulse, up and around, up and around. The other nasty is that not only does the shot go in the direction of the muzzle but at the right time it gets thrown out as well! Just remember that watching the sight picture is watching what the world was doing about 0.3 seconds ago. That is how long the visual system takes to respond to what the eye sees. We are forever anticipating events. The same goes for ....dare I say it.... anticipating the shot. That is, train to match the QZ and getting the shot away. Regards Ross Mason ******************************************************************** Re:HAENEL ORIGINAL AWDT WUHLIGHALLEA/S Howdy, Perhaps I can help identify this rifle. There is a lot of information missing, so, I'll attempt to "Fill in the blanks". But it does sound like a typical "Schuetzen Rifle" of the period. I will assume that the rifle has a slab-sided receiver with a "falling block" breech, operated by a large under-lever (which forms a sort-of pistol grip). The lever encloses the "double set triggers" which can be set extremely light (a few grams!), but the four-lever mechanism produces abysmal lock-time. The external extractor is operated by a cam on the lever pivot to extract the rimmed 8.15x46R cartridge. This excellant cartridge is the metric equivalent of our 32-40, the groove Diam. is .318 inch. This is .005 in SMALLER than the later 8mm. This rifle was meant for lubed "naked" cast lead bullets only. Under no circumstances should 8mm jacketed projectiles be used. This "System Aydt" action, even when built by a quality maker like "HAENEL" is not strong enough to handle the pressures resulting from using an oversize jacketed bullet. The stock was designed for offhand only and typically sports a massive sculpted chin/cheek rest and often has a thumb rest. The cast buttplate with long lower prong is the predecessor of our modern hook-plates. These rifles are not only fun to shoot, they are capable of 1 MOA accuracy when carefully fed. More detailed information about this particular rifle can be learned from the "Proof Marks" and "Makers Stamps" found on the barrel, under the foreend. Hope this helps. Mike Pencak ******************************************************************** Identify 1930's Olympic Rifle My guess is that this isn't AWDT, but AYDT. The Aydt System (a swinging/falling block action) was used a great deal by Haenel for building target and sporting rifles prior to WWII, and may even have been originated by them. I imagine this might be a Schuetzen type rifle, but obviously a better description would be needed. A common largebore calibre in these rifles was 8.15 x 46R, which is consistent with Mr.Bromberger's description. The above is gleaned from "Single Shot Rifles & Actions" by Frank de Haas As regards the Olympic rings, since this would have been in the period leading up to the 1936 Berlin Games, one could imagine this was a commemorative or merchandising item. Regards, Sandy ******************************************************************** I have a quick question. I have a 20X scope that I use for shooting at 50 feet. Will this be good enough for 50 meters as well, or should I look into getting a better scope? If so, how powerful should I be looking for? Thanks. Dan Cloutier [Editor - should be good enough to start with at least. You can see your bullet holes at 50m. In any case, you wouldn't need more than 40x.] ******************************************************************** David: The rifles were tested on an indoor 50 metre range. The 2013/690, 2013/Shilen and 1413 were all clampd in a vise without their stocks, while the Remington was bedded and so clamped around the breech. The best groups ran about 12 mm from edge to edge: if it was obvious the ammo wouldn't hold the ISSF 50 m 10 ring we often didn't fire ten shots. Conversely, if the ammo looked really good, we fired several 10-shot groups just to make sure the first wasn't a fluke. We used a ruler and a metric circle overlay to measure the size of the groups. I'm not sure what the rate of twists were on the individual barrels, although the 2013/690 and 1413 had stock Anschutz barrels, and I believe the others had the same, maybe 1:17 (anyone help me out, here?). Unfortunately, none of the local shooters has a machine rest similar to the ones being discussed lately on the list, although we have been talking about getting one. We've tested barrels this way for many years, and as anyone who has had their rifles tested by (or knows) Rudy Schultz, this has been proven to be a reliable (if not technically perfect) way of finding an appropriate match between barrel and ammunition. Jason Jarvis Kitchener, ON ******************************************************************** [Editor - since the list is on the net, I won't include a partial listing as I have done in the past.] Here is the May 2000 edition of Stuff for Sale. Enjoy. A reminder that this list is currently on the internet (within a coupla days, anyway), where it receives considerably more frequent updating than this 3-times-a-year e-mailing. Indeed, I had given some thought to bagging these e-mail transactions, applying the idea that anyone with e-mail access will generally have internet access as well. But then I would be cutting off the primary means for gathering new input and the list would gradually shrink to zero. If anyone has any suggestions on this dilemma, let me know. As before, the internet address is: http://website.mciworld.com/~washrifle@mciworld.com/index.htm Y'r Humble and Obedient Servant, John Crossman Steilacoom, Washington ******************************************************************** From: "Chet Skinner" From here we address the important functioning elements of the mental processes. 1. The mental practice and analysis. 2. Mental practice with dryfiring. 3. Dryfiring with live firing augmented with mental practice. Phase 1. The mental practice and analysis as discussed above. Any given shooting function is minutely analyzed and filed into the non-dominant mental entity (NDME) for later use. It is during automatic functioning that the NDME extracts this data from memory and puts such required functions into effect. The learning phase occurs during analysis and then filed into memory. Phase 2. Mental practice is now used with dryfiring practice. During mental analysis we have analyzed the function and now we must exercise what we have learned and placed into memory. Dry firing is used for this purpose. After analyzing the function, we place it into external motor neuromuscular implementation. Through this effort the NDME is the master controller and the instructions is transmitted to the neuromuscular system for execution. During this phase the timing sequences is developed and smoothed. The effort also renews mental analysis for refinement of the overall shooting technique. Phase 3. Dryfiring validation of technical elements required for live firing exercise. Live fire results is a report card of how well the shooting athlete is accomplishing the refined shooting technique and eliminating the errors previously found during the shooting practice sessions. The shooting athlete is that athletes sole competitor, No one else. One other item that many do not understand is the short time the mind has to act upon any given function. It is very quick because of the BIO design of the mental entity. For instance you cannot hold mental attention on any given item for more than 6 to 10 seconds and this controls how long you can perform mental practice or training lasting about 15 minutes or less...When the time is stretched beyond this time it destroys the process and mental precision goes to Null. In other words, a single shooter cannot hit a perfect bull-eye (10.9) after exceeding the mental time limit of 10 seconds, not even Wigger. Two things happen to us. We use the condition of heightened attention and then move to intensive concentration. Heightened attention is the state you normally use during the set up of position and natural point of aim. Intensive concentration occurs for the 4 seconds of the mental checklist to trigger pull time. Then you return to heightened attention which is not Intensive concentration...Are you confused now? How mental practice affects the growth of the brain during mental analysis and practice. An activity-dependent protein involves the initial beginning and continuing development of cells during mental practice events. The protein, which is present in brain cells, increases dendritic growth in neurons in the visual system. Dendrites are the branches of neurons through which neurons receive signals. The protein helps to regulate the normal development of dendrites. These results indicate that the growth-promoting gene is activated by stimulation of the brain. "It's been known that if signals from the retina are blocked from reaching the optic dorsal midbrain - the part of the brain that processes visual input - proper development of that part of the brain is stunted. To determine the cause of this phenomenon, and the role of synaptic activity in brain development, researchers went looking for genes that were 'turned on' by those signals". The protein is an activity-regulated, membrane-bound, growth-promoting protein that controls dendritic outgrowth of neurons in which it is expressed, as well as the dendritic growth of neighboring neurons, conferring exquisite spatial and temporal control of neuronal structure in the developing brain. Levels of the protein are normally highest while development is taking place (as in mental practice and analysis) and lower when development is complete. To determine whether the protein functions increase dendritic growth, the researcher used a virus vector (vaccinia virus) to introduce the gene into cells in the optic dorsal midbrain so that the midbrain cells produce higher-than-normal levels of protein. As a result of the extra protein gene activity, dendritic growth in midbrain neurons was increased dramatically as observed by the growth of longer, more highly branched dendritic arbors. The control group that did not express protein did not show a similar increase in the length or number of dendritic branches. Furthermore, the researchers observed high levels of dendritic growth in neurons which were adjacent to the ones expressing protein, but which did not express protein themselves. "It is possible that an intercellular signaling mechanism exists, through which protein controls the growth of neighboring neurons." For many years, neuroscientists have generated evidence that brain activity helps to shape brain architecture. During early development, synapses-the communication junctions among nerve cells-form and disappear, giving rise to the microscopic wiring patterns of the mature brain. But it has been difficult to observe how or when an individual nerve cell changes its shape in response to synaptic activity. Now, scientists have used sophisticated imaging techniques to demonstrate that intense stimulation of specific synapses in cultured slices of brain tissue induces the growth of threadlike projections from dendrites. These filopodia, as they are called, form stable synapses as the brain matures. (Dendrites are the highly branched outgrowths of nerve cells that receive incoming electrochemical signals from the axons of other nerve cells. The sites of communication formed by the endings of an axon and the projections from a dendrite are synapses.) The observation that synaptic stimulation triggers the growth of filopodia supports the long-held notion that mental activity shapes the cellular architecture of the brain. "The finding is important because it is the first time we have been able to see morphological changes induced by synaptic stimulation in living brain tissue." "We were able to see something that many people believed must be there, but despite looking for many years had not been able to observe." The growth of dendritic filopodia observed in the recent experiments has three important properties. First, the period of growth is transient (occurring 5 to 15 minutes during and after stimulation), although the resulting elongation of the filopodia is long-lasting (hours or more). Second, the growth of filopodia from dendrites is local, meaning it only occurs close (within 50 microns) to the site of synaptic stimulation, not in distant parts of the dendritic tree. And third, the growth of filopodia requires the activation of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate. The phenomenon was quite amazing while we observed this very simple change in the structure of post-synaptic nerve cells with synaptic stimulation. It was a very clear, very large change right under our microscope." To determine whether synaptic activity can release morphological changes in neurons, the researchers stimulated specific nerve cell axons with a small glass electrode placed close to the dendrite of interest and watched. Filopodia on dendrites close to the active synapses grew dramatically, increasing significantly in number and length for a duration of 20 minutes after stimulation, and maintained their extended length for more than two hours. These experiments get us closer to understanding how the wiring of the brain is established and modified by mental analysis and experience. The glass electrode supplied the stimulus that might mimic a sensory "experience" such as light, sound, or touch. The results suggest that nearby synaptic stimulation can change the shapes and synaptic connections of nerve cells. Previous studies by many neuroscientists had indicated that NMDA receptors are important for the normal development of the central nervous system and the formation of memories. Researchers who monitor electrophysiological activity in brain slices had shown that synapses become stronger after electrical stimulation and that long-term synaptic strengthening depends on repetitive activation of the NMDA receptors. The new experiments help connect those observations; they allowed the researchers to observe in real time how nerve cells change their shape in response to synaptic stimulation. Next is the complex task of showing whether the newly elongated filopodia form functional synapses, transform into another kind of dendritic projection-perhaps mushroom-shaped "spines"-or simply retract into the trunk of the dendrite. The researchers also want to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the growth of filopodia in the brain and determine whether the same mechanisms are at work in the adult brain. Researchers found that receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate are rapidly transported when nearby nerve cells are stimulated. The unleashed receptors move from inside nerve cells to the surfaces of dendritic spines, tiny protrusions from brain neurons, where synapses are most common. And because synapses are the junctions for communication (kinesthetic feedback) among nerve cells, glutamate receptor delivery to synaptic sites may be a key molecular event for the increased synaptic transmission that occurs during learning and memory. Receptors Unleashed! Key Event in Learning and Memory May Be Receptor Delivery to Synapses "People have been trying to understand how synapses strengthen for a long time." This long-lasting increase in synaptic transmission is thought to underlie the formation of new memories, particularly in the hippocampus, an evolutionarily primitive part of the cerebral cortex. Many researchers also find that dendritic spines-stubby, mushroom-shaped projections from nerve cell branches called dendrites-are frequently the sites of synaptic contact between incoming nerve axons from other brain regions and nerve cells that reside in the hippocampus. The new reports are important because they represent the first direct observation of the movement of key neurotransmitter receptors to probable sites of synaptic contact during the kind of neural stimulation that simulates learning. In recent experiments, their colleagues observed the delivery to dendritic spines of a component of one kind of glutamate receptor, called AMPA receptors (for a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate). Specifically, the researchers found that the redistribution of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (glutamate receptor subunit 1) requires the activation of a second kind of glutamate receptor called NMDA receptors (N-amino-D-aspartate). Among neuroscientists who study learning and memory, NMDA receptors have become notorious; many argue that their activation is required for inducing LTP and forming certain kinds of memories. The new findings provide a possible mechanism by which AMPA receptors in postsynaptic neurons also contribute to synaptic strengthening. Stimulation of presynaptic neurons, which release glutamate as a neurotransmitter may trigger the delivery of AMPA receptors to synaptic sites on postsynaptic neurons, thereby, providing more places for glutamate to bind to and excite the cells. "Seeing is believing." "You have glutamate receptors tagged with a label and can actually see them move, which is what people imagined must happen during LTP. But you don't believe it until you see it." To study the rapid deployment of glutamate receptors to dendritic spines following synaptic stimulation maintained slices of hippocampus in long-term culture. They visualized the movement of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by tagging GluR1 receptors with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fusing of the genes encoding GFP and GluR1 in a way that allowed them to be incorporated into the non-pathogenic Sindbis virus and injected into cultured hippocampal slices. Neurons that became infected with the genetically altered virus then synthesized the glutamate receptor subunit tagged with the brightly fluorescent protein. Two to three days later, used time-lapse, two-photon laser scanning microscopy to see the labeled glutamate receptors in the living nerve cells. (Researchers developed the high-tech imaging system and used it, in another collaboration the growth of dendritic filopodia from hippocampal neurons. Initially, in unstimulated neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, most (88 percent) of the tagged glutamate receptors were distributed intracellularly throughout the shafts of dendrites. The researchers used two methods to observe the initial, even distribution of receptors: two-photon laser imaging of the fluorescence-tagged GluR1, and electron microscopy of immuno-gold labeled receptors. But within 15 minutes after the researchers delivering a brief, high frequency stimulus to nearby nerve cell axons, the fluorescently labeled glutamate receptors redistributed in two ways. Some moved to the surface membranes of dendritic spines and others formed clusters within the shafts of dendrites near the bases of spines. The clusters may represent "a local reserve of glutamate receptors" that will be delivered to the spines over time to maintain a greater number of receptors at synaptic sites. We have found this phenomenon about the rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to dendritic spines after high-frequency stimulation such as mental practice. We really want to be able to say that glutamate receptor movement contributes to an increased synaptic signal during LTP. The researchers wanted to show that if AMPA-type glutamate receptors are delivered to active synapses, their delivery makes the synapses stronger. Or, if no synapses preexist at those sites, to demonstrate that the arrival of the glutamate receptors creates an active synapse. With the just completed text we have the understanding how the brain responds to stimulation such as mental practice and dryfiring training sessions. Typical stimulation can be originated externally or internally during training sessions. Learning memory is developed over a 5 to 30 minute period and will last in temporary memories from a 20-minute period to a 2-hour period. Long-term memory takes many repetitions of the aforementioned periods of mental practice and dryfiring periods. We have found this phenomenon about the rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to dendritic spines after high-frequency repetitive stimulation such as mental practice and dryfiring sessions. Dryfiring may be boring but if the shooting athlete does not mentally analyze every aspect of the shooting position and shooting technique, the above neurophysicologcal activity will not occur and shooter learning will never occur. All mental analysis is to be conducted upon that which is correct or perfect and build upon this basic position of correctness. Never analyze that which is incorrect or wrong or in error to the accepted position form or technical procedure of the shooting technique. Practice the mental checklist of chapter 7 until the timing is smooth and the PBE are arriving in regular frequency. Good Shooting... Chet Skinner, Coach cskinner@dol.net http://www.geocities.com/colosseum/dome/4512/index.html ******************************************************************** End of UIT Mailing List #21 Michael Ray - Systems Engineer Rose-Hulman Inst. of Tech. Rifle Coach UIT Shooting Page - http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/1190/index.htm --=====================_363517590==_.ALT Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Please e-mail address changes, unsubscribe requests, or submissions to me.

In this issue:

Federal ammo
Anschutz 4765 buttplate
Machine rest
Re: Quiet Zone timing
Re: Help identify 1930s Olympic rifle
Re: Help identify 1930s Olympic rifle
Spotting Scope for 50m
Re: Ammo testing results
Stuff for sale
Dryfiring
Mental and physical training

********************************************************************

Your humble Editor here. I would like to know what people use the supersonic Federal match ammo for (UM1 aka 1000 and 900 as opposed to UM1B and 900B). I have seen in several places where slower velocities (subsonic) in .22 are actually better in wind. However, according Federal's site http://www.federalcartridge.com/cgi-bin/federal/specs2.pl, there isn't any difference in any of their 5 varieties with regards to wind drift. So what's the catch? I want to buy a case of 900 or 900B soon to test out.

I've also heard a couple times where you need to clean real good when switching from brands like Eley to Federal because of the lube used and that Federal has a lot of leading compared to others. Any comments?

********************************************************************

Your Editor again.... Does anyone else think the new 4765 buttplate is a step backwards from the 4762? It doesn't have as many adjustments that are useful, can't be adjusted over as wide a range, provides few marks to aid in repeatability, and is more expensive. What am I missing???

********************************************************************

I am sending you a picture of the Bullet testing machine. We are selling it
for $ 240.00 plus the shipping. I saw the S & N in Ft. Benning at the trials
and well I guess its about the same thing, I think both should give the same
results. The only thing is that this one is cheaper in price.
Thanks
Manuel Rodero II

********************************************************************

Michael,
Seems Chet and Rshooter have been chasing pulse.
Yes, I discovered the true effect of it when I finally got onto a SCATT machine. I could not believe how far the damn muzzle jumped out of the bull when I saw it the first time. Talk about sort out the hold!
I was awesomely impressed with some of the Russian "sample" files that Kugalin and Fedkin put in. The wiggle never left the inner ring of a 50m target. There were some Air Rifle files where the wiggle never left the 9 ring! Oh to be young again and start over!!!
Anyway the upshot was that I learnt real quick the advantage of shooting on the "offbeat"....or so I have just discovered...the Quiet Zone.
For many years I had lost inexplicable shots up and to the left and never could nail the cause. Seeing the pulse sure sent the message. I was impressed with the consistency of the movement of the muzzle with pulse, up and around, up and around. The other nasty is that not only does the shot go in the direction of the muzzle but at the right time it gets thrown out as well!
Just remember that watching the sight picture is watching what the world was doing about 0.3 seconds ago. That is how long the visual system takes to respond to what the eye sees. We are forever anticipating events. The same goes for ....dare I say it.... anticipating the shot. That is, train to match the QZ and getting the shot away.
Regards
Ross Mason

********************************************************************

Re:HAENEL ORIGINAL AWDT WUHLIGHALLEA/S
Howdy, Perhaps I can help identify this rifle. There is a lot of information missing, so, I'll attempt to "Fill in the blanks". But it does sound like a typical "Schuetzen Rifle" of the period.
I will assume that the rifle has a slab-sided receiver with a "falling block" breech, operated by a large under-lever (which forms a sort-of pistol grip). The lever encloses the "double set triggers" which can be set extremely light (a few grams!), but the four-lever mechanism produces abysmal lock-time. The external extractor is operated by a cam on the lever pivot to extract the rimmed 8.15x46R cartridge.
This excellant cartridge is the metric equivalent of our 32-40, the groove Diam. is .318 inch. This is
.005 in SMALLER than the later 8mm. This rifle was meant for lubed "naked" cast lead bullets only. Under no circumstances should 8mm jacketed projectiles be used. This "System Aydt" action, even when built by a quality maker like "HAENEL" is not strong enough to handle the pressures resulting from using an oversize jacketed bullet.
The stock was designed for offhand only and typically sports a massive sculpted chin/cheek rest and often has a thumb rest. The cast buttplate with long lower prong is the predecessor of our modern hook-plates.
These rifles are not only fun to shoot, they are capable of 1 MOA accuracy when carefully fed.
More detailed information about this particular rifle can be learned from the "Proof Marks" and "Makers
Stamps" found on the barrel, under the foreend.
Hope this helps.
Mike Pencak

********************************************************************

Identify 1930's Olympic Rifle
My guess is that this isn't AWDT, but AYDT.
The Aydt System (a swinging/falling block action) was used a great deal by
Haenel for building target and sporting rifles prior to WWII, and may even have
been originated by them. I imagine this might be a Schuetzen type rifle, but
obviously a better description would be needed. A common largebore calibre in
these rifles was 8.15 x 46R, which is consistent with Mr.Bromberger's
description.
The above is gleaned from "Single Shot Rifles & Actions" by Frank de Haas
As regards the Olympic rings, since this would have been in the period leading
up to the 1936 Berlin Games, one could imagine this was a commemorative or
merchandising item.

Regards,
Sandy

********************************************************************

I have a quick question. I have a 20X scope that I use for shooting at 50
feet. Will this be good enough for 50 meters as well, or should I look into
getting a better scope? If so, how powerful should I be looking for? Thanks.
Dan Cloutier

[Editor - should be good enough to start with at least. You can see your bullet holes at 50m. In any case, you wouldn't need more than 40x.]

********************************************************************

David:
The rifles were tested on an indoor 50 metre range. The 2013/690,
2013/Shilen and 1413 were all clampd in a vise without their stocks,
while the Remington was bedded and so clamped around the breech. The
best groups ran about 12 mm from edge to edge: if it was obvious the
ammo wouldn't hold the ISSF 50 m 10 ring we often didn't fire ten shots.
Conversely, if the ammo looked really good, we fired several 10-shot
groups just to make sure the first wasn't a fluke. We used a ruler and a
metric circle overlay to measure the size of the groups. I'm not sure
what the rate of twists were on the individual barrels, although the
2013/690 and 1413 had stock Anschutz barrels, and I believe the others
had the same, maybe 1:17 (anyone help me out, here?). Unfortunately,
none of the local shooters has a machine rest similar to the ones being
discussed lately on the list, although we have been talking about
getting one. We've tested barrels this way for many years, and as anyone
who has had their rifles tested by (or knows) Rudy Schultz, this has
been proven to be a reliable (if not technically perfect) way of finding
an appropriate match between barrel and ammunition.
Jason Jarvis
Kitchener, ON

********************************************************************

[Editor - since the list is on the net, I won't include a partial listing as I have done in the past.]

Here is the May 2000 edition of Stuff for Sale. Enjoy.
A reminder that this list is currently on the internet (within a coupla
days, anyway), where it receives considerably more frequent updating than
this 3-times-a-year e-mailing. Indeed, I had given some thought to bagging
these e-mail transactions, applying the idea that anyone with e-mail access
will generally have internet access as well. But then I would be cutting
off the primary means for gathering new input and the list would gradually
shrink to zero. If anyone has any suggestions on this dilemma, let me know.
As before, the internet address is:
http://website.mciworld.com/~washrifle@mciworld.com/index.htm

Y'r Humble and Obedient Servant,
John Crossman
Steilacoom, Washington

********************************************************************

From: "Chet Skinner" <cskinner@dol.net
To: Shooting Coach
Subject: dry-firing
As for our other discussions. The general word is to make with the
repetitions to train muscle. This is the norm for different sports but not
shooting. The method is to use mental practice for the purpose of
placing the requisite information into memory. It is this memory data that
will be used by the NDME during the issuance of instructions to the neuromuscular
systems. The NDME memory is also where the quick reaction instruction is
acquired in emergency action or reaction periods.
So mental practice is very important but only one third of the technique.
The second third is that of dryfiring where the athlete physically
reproduces that which is analyzed and learned by the NDME during mental practice.
The dryfiring phase is the externalization of the mental shooting technique
and the validation of the timing sequences for the shooting technique.
The third part is that of live firing which again is a validation of
mental technique and the quality assurance of the shooting position with
rifle or pistol technique. In this stage the rifle or pistol mounting is validated
and any detected errors eliminated.
This then is the mental training and externalized shooting technique.
Each round in a box of 50 will be found a perfect bull's-eye.
Why waste the ammo on errors and poor shooting technique.
Why throw away the PBE's that you have in each box.

From: Shooting Coach
To: <cskinner@dol.net
Very much agree with the dry firing aspect. This is something that few
shooters have the discipline to do, but really should be mandatory. The
recent advances in cheap simulators (RIKA, SCATT) help make the task less
painful, so everyone should dry fire to his or her heart's content.
Good info..thanks.

********************************************************************

MENTAL AND PHYSICAL TRAINING (LONG)
Training comes in many forms depending the sport you have selected. For
shooting the best physical training for the sport is swimming and Tai Chi.
Add to this walking one mile a day with breathing exercises by inhaling
through the nose and exhaling through the mouth.
Swimming because it builds the upper chest and shoulders to the point that
the shooter athlete has little difficulty in holding an 8 to 17 pound rifle
or pistol to target for the completion of each one-shot-match. Swimming
also strengthens the lungs including mastering mental control of lungs,
which is most important. Swimming is advantages for two main reasons, first
the center of balance of any human is located at the hips or pelvis and the
legs provide the muscle strength (gained through kicking in swimming) for
maintaining the body balance through out the shooting procedure, and
secondly the upper shoulders and arm muscles are strengthened for holding
the rifle or pistol in position while the head acts as controller of the
upper body balance in position.
Natural Tai Chi is used for perfecting mental control over the neuromuscular
movements of each coordinated movement during the exercise. Tai Chi is not
the marshal arts style of exercise but the Chinese exercise version used for
the purpose of physical unity and the practice of mental control over the
many neuro-muscular controlled movements during the exercise. Tai Chi is
basically a physical exercise with integrated mental control over the
neuromuscular system through intensive concentration. Putting the two
methods of exercise together with mental practice and analysis teaches the
mind what you want accomplished and how it is to be accomplished. This
instructional method is there after placed into the mental memory for later
use by the non-dominant mental entity (NDME).
The information filed into memory is for the use of the NDME during
automatic functioning where the only information available to correct or
affect some type of movement can be found in the memory files. If the
necessary information is not found in the memory files then the NDME will
take all the information available that it feels is similar and run analysis
of all data facts for determining the correct response and then place it
into effect. The NDME in such cases determines the correct response action
by consensus rather than finding the correct response in the NDME memory
files. This results in errors of procedure and usually prevents the
shooting athlete from achieving the perfect-bull's-eye desired. The
shooting athlete will through mental practice and analysis formulate the
correct responses with validated actions and file same into the NDME memory
files ready for use.
>From here we address the important functioning elements of the mental
processes.
1. The mental practice and analysis.
2. Mental practice with dryfiring.
3. Dryfiring with live firing augmented with mental practice.
Phase 1. The mental practice and analysis as discussed above. Any given
shooting function is minutely analyzed and filed into the non-dominant
mental entity (NDME) for later use. It is during automatic functioning
that the NDME extracts this data from memory and puts such required
functions into effect.
The learning phase occurs during analysis and then filed into memory.
Phase 2. Mental practice is now used with dryfiring practice. During mental
analysis we have analyzed the function and now we must exercise what we have
learned and placed into memory. Dry firing is used for this purpose.
After analyzing the function, we place it into external motor neuromuscular
implementation. Through this effort the NDME is the master controller and
the instructions is transmitted to the neuromuscular system for execution.
During this phase the timing sequences is developed and smoothed. The
effort also renews mental analysis for refinement of the overall shooting
technique.
Phase 3. Dryfiring validation of technical elements required for live
firing exercise. Live fire results is a report card of how well the
shooting athlete is accomplishing the refined shooting technique and
eliminating the errors previously found during the shooting practice
sessions. The shooting athlete is that athletes sole competitor, No one
else.
One other item that many do not understand is the short time the mind has to
act upon any given function. It is very quick because of the BIO design of
the mental entity. For instance you cannot hold mental attention on any
given item for more than 6 to 10 seconds and this controls how long you can
perform mental practice or training lasting about 15 minutes or less...When
the time is stretched beyond this time it destroys the process and mental
precision goes to Null. In other words, a single shooter cannot hit a
perfect bull-eye (10.9) after exceeding the mental time limit of 10 seconds,
not even Wigger.
Two things happen to us. We use the condition of heightened attention and
then move to intensive concentration. Heightened attention is the state
you normally use during the set up of position and natural point of aim.
Intensive concentration occurs for the 4 seconds of the mental checklist to
trigger pull time. Then you return to heightened attention which is not
Intensive concentration...Are you confused now?
How mental practice affects the growth of the brain during mental analysis
and practice.
An activity-dependent protein involves the initial beginning and continuing
development of cells during mental practice events. The protein, which is
present in brain cells, increases dendritic growth in neurons in the visual
system. Dendrites are the branches of neurons through which neurons receive
signals. The protein helps to regulate the normal development of dendrites.
These results indicate that the growth-promoting gene is activated by
stimulation of the brain. "It's been known that if signals from the retina
are blocked from reaching the optic dorsal midbrain - the part of the brain
that processes visual input - proper development of that part of the brain
is stunted. To determine the cause of this phenomenon, and the role of
synaptic activity in brain development, researchers went looking for genes
that were 'turned on' by those signals". The protein is an
activity-regulated, membrane-bound, growth-promoting protein that controls
dendritic outgrowth of neurons in which it is expressed, as well as the
dendritic growth of neighboring neurons, conferring exquisite spatial and
temporal control of neuronal structure in the developing brain. Levels of
the protein are normally highest while development is taking place (as in
mental practice and analysis) and lower when development is complete.
To determine whether the protein functions increase dendritic growth, the
researcher used a virus vector (vaccinia virus) to introduce the gene into
cells in the optic dorsal midbrain so that the midbrain cells produce
higher-than-normal levels of protein. As a result of the extra protein gene
activity, dendritic growth in midbrain neurons was increased dramatically as
observed by the growth of longer, more highly branched dendritic arbors. The
control group that did not express protein did not show a similar increase
in the length or number of dendritic branches.
Furthermore, the researchers observed high levels of dendritic growth in
neurons which were adjacent to the ones expressing protein, but which did
not express protein themselves. "It is possible that an intercellular
signaling mechanism exists, through which protein controls the growth of
neighboring neurons."
For many years, neuroscientists have generated evidence that brain activity
helps to shape brain architecture. During early development, synapses-the
communication junctions among nerve cells-form and disappear, giving rise to
the microscopic wiring patterns of the mature brain. But it has been
difficult to observe how or when an individual nerve cell changes its shape
in response to synaptic activity.
Now, scientists have used sophisticated imaging techniques to demonstrate
that intense stimulation of specific synapses in cultured slices of brain
tissue induces the growth of threadlike projections from dendrites. These
filopodia, as they are called, form stable synapses as the brain matures.
(Dendrites are the highly branched outgrowths of nerve cells that receive
incoming electrochemical signals from the axons of other nerve cells. The
sites of communication formed by the endings of an axon and the projections
from a dendrite are synapses.) The observation that synaptic stimulation
triggers the growth of filopodia supports the long-held notion that mental
activity shapes the cellular architecture of the brain.
"The finding is important because it is the first time we have been able to
see morphological changes induced by synaptic stimulation in living brain
tissue." "We were able to see something that many people believed must be
there, but despite looking for many years had not been able to observe." The
growth of dendritic filopodia observed in the recent experiments has three
important properties. First, the period of growth is transient (occurring 5
to 15 minutes during and after stimulation), although the resulting
elongation of the filopodia is long-lasting (hours or more). Second, the
growth of filopodia from dendrites is local, meaning it only occurs close
(within 50 microns) to the site of synaptic stimulation, not in distant
parts of the dendritic tree. And third, the growth of filopodia requires the
activation of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which respond
to the neurotransmitter glutamate. The phenomenon was quite amazing while we
observed this very simple change in the structure of post-synaptic nerve
cells with synaptic stimulation. It was a very clear, very large change
right under our microscope."
To determine whether synaptic activity can release morphological changes in
neurons, the researchers stimulated specific nerve cell axons with a small
glass electrode placed close to the dendrite of interest and watched.
Filopodia on dendrites close to the active synapses grew dramatically,
increasing significantly in number and length for a duration of 20 minutes
after stimulation, and maintained their extended length for more than two
hours. These experiments get us closer to understanding how the wiring of
the brain is established and modified by mental analysis and experience.
The glass electrode supplied the stimulus that might mimic a sensory
"experience" such as light, sound, or touch. The results suggest that nearby
synaptic stimulation can change the shapes and synaptic connections of nerve
cells.
Previous studies by many neuroscientists had indicated that NMDA receptors
are important for the normal development of the central nervous system and
the formation of memories. Researchers who monitor electrophysiological
activity in brain slices had shown that synapses become stronger after
electrical stimulation and that long-term synaptic strengthening depends on
repetitive activation of the NMDA receptors. The new experiments help
connect those observations; they allowed the researchers to observe in real
time how nerve cells change their shape in response to synaptic stimulation.
Next is the complex task of showing whether the newly elongated filopodia
form functional synapses, transform into another kind of dendritic
projection-perhaps mushroom-shaped "spines"-or simply retract into the trunk
of the dendrite. The researchers also want to understand the molecular
mechanisms that underlie the growth of filopodia in the brain and determine
whether the same mechanisms are at work in the adult brain.
Researchers found that receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate are rapidly transported when nearby nerve cells are stimulated.
The unleashed receptors move from inside nerve cells to the surfaces of
dendritic spines, tiny protrusions from brain neurons, where synapses are
most common. And because synapses are the junctions for communication
(kinesthetic feedback) among nerve cells, glutamate receptor delivery to
synaptic sites may be a key molecular event for the increased synaptic
transmission that occurs during learning and memory.
Receptors Unleashed! Key Event in Learning and Memory May Be Receptor
Delivery to Synapses "People have been trying to understand how synapses
strengthen for a long time." This long-lasting increase in synaptic
transmission is thought to underlie the formation of new memories,
particularly in the hippocampus, an evolutionarily primitive part of the
cerebral cortex. Many researchers also find that dendritic spines-stubby,
mushroom-shaped projections from nerve cell branches called dendrites-are
frequently the sites of synaptic contact between incoming nerve axons from
other brain regions and nerve cells that reside in the hippocampus.
The new reports are important because they represent the first direct
observation of the movement of key neurotransmitter receptors to probable
sites of synaptic contact during the kind of neural stimulation that
simulates learning.
In recent experiments, their colleagues observed the delivery to dendritic
spines of a component of one kind of glutamate receptor, called AMPA
receptors (for a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate).
Specifically, the researchers found that the redistribution of the AMPA
receptor subunit GluR1 (glutamate receptor subunit 1) requires the
activation of a second kind of glutamate receptor called NMDA receptors
(N-amino-D-aspartate). Among neuroscientists who study learning and memory,
NMDA receptors have become notorious; many argue that their activation is
required for inducing LTP and forming certain kinds of memories. The new
findings provide a possible mechanism by which AMPA receptors in
postsynaptic neurons also contribute to synaptic strengthening. Stimulation
of presynaptic neurons, which release glutamate as a neurotransmitter may
trigger the delivery of AMPA receptors to synaptic sites on postsynaptic
neurons, thereby, providing more places for glutamate to bind to and excite
the cells.
"Seeing is believing." "You have glutamate receptors tagged with a label and
can actually see them move, which is what people imagined must happen during
LTP. But you don't believe it until you see it." To study the rapid
deployment of glutamate receptors to dendritic spines following synaptic
stimulation maintained slices of hippocampus in long-term culture. They
visualized the movement of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by tagging GluR1
receptors with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fusing of the genes
encoding GFP and GluR1 in a way that allowed them to be incorporated into
the non-pathogenic Sindbis virus and injected into cultured hippocampal
slices. Neurons that became infected with the genetically altered virus then
synthesized the glutamate receptor subunit tagged with the brightly
fluorescent protein. Two to three days later, used time-lapse, two-photon
laser scanning microscopy to see the labeled glutamate receptors in the
living nerve cells. (Researchers developed the high-tech imaging system and
used it, in another collaboration the growth of dendritic filopodia from
hippocampal neurons.
Initially, in unstimulated neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus,
most (88 percent) of the tagged glutamate receptors were distributed
intracellularly throughout the shafts of dendrites. The researchers used two
methods to observe the initial, even distribution of receptors: two-photon
laser imaging of the fluorescence-tagged GluR1, and electron microscopy of
immuno-gold labeled receptors.
But within 15 minutes after the researchers delivering a brief, high
frequency stimulus to nearby nerve cell axons, the fluorescently labeled
glutamate receptors redistributed in two ways. Some moved to the surface
membranes of dendritic spines and others formed clusters within the shafts
of dendrites near the bases of spines. The clusters may represent "a local
reserve of glutamate receptors" that will be delivered to the spines over
time to maintain a greater number of receptors at synaptic sites. We have
found this phenomenon about the rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to
dendritic spines after high-frequency stimulation such as mental practice.
We really want to be able to say that glutamate receptor movement
contributes to an increased synaptic signal during LTP. The researchers
wanted to show that if AMPA-type glutamate receptors are delivered to active
synapses, their delivery makes the synapses stronger. Or, if no synapses
preexist at those sites, to demonstrate that the arrival of the glutamate
receptors creates an active synapse.
With the just completed text we have the understanding how the brain
responds to stimulation such as mental practice and dryfiring training
sessions. Typical stimulation can be originated externally or internally
during training sessions. Learning memory is developed over a 5 to 30
minute period and will last in temporary memories from a 20-minute period to
a 2-hour period. Long-term memory takes many repetitions of the
aforementioned periods of mental practice and dryfiring periods. We have
found this phenomenon about the rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to
dendritic spines after high-frequency repetitive stimulation such as mental
practice and dryfiring sessions.
Dryfiring may be boring but if the shooting athlete does not mentally
analyze every aspect of the shooting position and shooting technique, the
above neurophysicologcal activity will not occur and shooter learning will
never occur.
All mental analysis is to be conducted upon that which is correct or perfect
and build upon this basic position of correctness. Never analyze that
which is incorrect or wrong or in error to the accepted position form or
technical procedure of the shooting technique. Practice the mental
checklist of chapter 7 until the timing is smooth and the PBE are arriving
in regular frequency.
Good Shooting...
Chet Skinner, Coach
cskinner@dol.net
http://www.geocities.com/colosseum/dome/4512/index.html

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End of UIT Mailing List #21

Michael Ray - Systems Engineer
Rose-Hulman Inst. of Tech. Rifle Coach
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